Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Review

Clinical practice recommendations for the use of next-generation sequencing in patients with solid cancer: a joint report from KSMO and KSP: Miso Kim, Hyo Sup Shim, Sheehyun Kim, In Hee Lee, Jihun Kim, Shinkyo Yoon, Hyung-Don Kim, Inkeun Park, Jae Ho Jeong, Changhoon Yoo, Jaekyung Cheon, In-Ho Kim, Jieun Lee, Sook Hee Hong, Sehhoon Park, Hyun Ae Jung, Jin Won Kim, Han Jo Kim, Yongjun Cha, Sun Min Lim, Han Sang Kim, Choong-Kun Lee, Jee Hung Kim, Sang Hoon Chun, Jina Yun, So Yeon Park, Hye Seung Lee, Yong Mee Cho, Soo Jeong Nam, Kiyong Na, Sun Och Yoon, Ahwon Lee, Kee-Taek Jang, Hongseok Yun, Sungyoung Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Wan-Seop Kim; Received September 15, 2023 Accepted November 1, 2023 Published online January 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.11.01 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: In recent years, next-generation sequencing (NGS)–based genetic testing has become crucial in cancer care. While its primary objective is to identify actionable genetic alterations to guide treatment decisions, its scope has broadened to encompass aiding in pathological diagnosis and exploring resistance mechanisms. With the ongoing expansion in NGS application and reliance, a compelling necessity arises for expert consensus on its application in solid cancers. To address this demand, the forthcoming recommendations not only provide pragmatic guidance for the clinical use of NGS but also systematically classify actionable genes based on specific cancer types. Additionally, these recommendations will incorporate expert perspectives on crucial biomarkers, ensuring informed decisions regarding circulating tumor DNA panel testing.

Original Articles

The Use of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology in Korea: A Nationwide Multicenter Survey by the Korean Society of Endocrine Pathologists: Mimi Kim, Hyo Jin Park, Hye Sook Min, Hyeong Ju Kwon, Chan Kwon Jung, Seoung Wan Chae, Hyun Ju Yoo, Yoo Duk Choi, Mi Ja Lee, Jeong Ja Kwak, Dong Eun Song, Dong Hoon Kim, Hye Kyung Lee, Ji Yeon Kim, Sook Hee Hong, Jang Sihn Sohn, Hyun Seung Lee, So Yeon Park, Soon Won Hong, Mi Kyung Shin; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(4):410-417. Published online June 14, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.04.05

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Background
The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) has standardized the reporting of thyroid cytology specimens. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the nationwide usage of TBSRTC and assess the malignancy rates in each category of TBSRTC in Korea.
Methods
Questionnaire surveys were used for data collection on the fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules at 74 institutes in 2012. The incidences and follow-up malignancy rates of each category diagnosed from January to December, 2011, in each institute were also collected and analyzed.
Results
Sixty out of 74 institutes answering the surveys reported the results of thyroid FNA in accordance with TBSRTC. The average malignancy rates for resected cases in 15 institutes were as follows: nondiagnostic, 45.6%; benign, 16.5%; atypical of undetermined significance, 68.8%; suspicious for follicular neoplasm (SFN), 30.2%; suspicious for malignancy, 97.5%; malignancy, 99.7%.
Conclusions
More than 80% of Korean institutes were using TBSRTC as of 2012. All malignancy rates other than the SFN and malignancy categories were higher than those reported by other countries. Therefore, the guidelines for treating patients with thyroid nodules in Korea should be revisited based on the malignancy rates reported in this study.

Citations

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WHO Classification of Malignant Lymphomas in Korea: Report of the Third Nationwide Study.: Jin Man Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Seung Sook Lee, Jooryung Huh, Chang Suk Kang, Chul Woo Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Jai Hyang Go, Min Kyung Kim, Wan Seop Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Jong Hee Nam, Hyung Bae Moon, Chan Kum Park, Tae In Park, Young Ha Oh, Dong Wha Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Juhie Lee, Hyekyung Lee, Sung Chul Lim, Kyu Yun Jang, Hee Kyung Chang, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hye Ra Jung, Min Sun Cho, Hee Jeong Cha, Suk Jin Choi, Jae Ho Han, Sook Hee Hong, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(3):254-260.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.3.254

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The aim of study was to determine the relative frequency of malignant lymphoma according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification in Korea.
METHODS
A total of 3,998 cases diagnosed at 31 institutes between 2005 and 2006 were enrolled. Information including age, gender, pathologic diagnosis, site of involvement and immunophenotypes were obtained.
RESULTS
The relative frequency of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) was 95.4% and 4.6%, respectively. B-cell lymphomas accounted for 77.6% of all NHL, while T/natural killer (T/NK)-cell lymphomas accounted for 22.4%. The most frequent subtypes of NHL were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (42.7%), extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (19.0%), NK/T-cell lymphoma (6.3%) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), unspecified (6.3%), in decreasing order. The relative frequency of HL was nodular sclerosis (47.4%), mixed cellularity (30.6%), and nodular lymphocyte predominant (12.1%) subtypes. Compared with a previous study in 1998, increase in gastric MZBCL and nodular sclerosis HL, and slight decrease of follicular lymphoma, PTCL, and NK/T-cell lymphoma were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Korea had lower rates of HL and follicular lymphoma, and higher rates of extranodal NHL, extranodal MZBCL, and NK/T-cell lymphoma of nasal type compared with Western countries. Changes in the relative frequency of lymphoma subtypes are likely ascribed to refined diagnostic criteria and a change in national health care policy.

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Hyeon Gyu Yi, Jin Seok Kim, Cheolwon Suh, Won Seog Kim, Jae-Yong Kwak, Jong-Seok Lee, Yang Soo Kim, Young Don Joo, Yoo Hong Min, Hong Ghi Lee, Sung-Soo Yoon, Jong-Ho Won, Seonyang Park, Hugh Chul Kim, Chul Soo Kim
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Jooryung Huh
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Yoon Jung Lee, Jun Haeng Lee
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Gyeongsin Park, Chang Suk Kang
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Prognostic Significance of Glycolytic Metabolic Change Related to HIF-1alpha in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas.: Sook Hee Hong, Sang Young Roh, Yoon Ho Ko, Hye Sung Won, Myung Ah Lee, In Sook Woo, Jae Ho Byun, Jin Hyoung Kang, Young Seon Hong, Chan Kwon Jung, Yeon Sil Kim, Young Hoon Ju, Min Sik Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(4):360-369.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.4.360

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Growing tumors adapt to a hypoxic environment and increase anaerobic glycolysis. This metabolic switch is related to aggressive behavior. We investigated the relationship between glycolytic metabolism biomarkers associated with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and prognosis.
METHODS
We performed immunohistochemical staining of HIF-1alpha, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 1 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 5 in 74 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) who had received curative radical resection.
RESULTS
High reactivity of HIF-1alpha, PDK 1 and LDH 5 was observed in 29 (39.2%), 32 (43.2%) and 54 (73.0%) patients, respectively. Expression levels of the three biomarkers were significantly correlated. All three markers were highly expressed in 16 (21.6%) patients. Elevated expression of the three markers was associated with increased invasiveness (p = 0.043) and recurrence (p = 0.017) of tumors. In survival analysis, upregulation of the three markers was additionally associated with shorter disease free survival (DFS, p = 0.001) and overall survival (OS, p = 0.002). High expression of all three markers was a strong independent prognostic factor for DFS (p = 0.030) and OS (p = 0.026).
CONCLUSIONS
Oral SCC with altered glycolytic metabolism exhibits a more invasive and aggressive phenotype. Our results indicate that glycolytic metabolism biomarkers related to HIF-1alpha may be independent prognostic factors in patients with oral SCC.

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Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) of anaerobic glycolysis as predictive and prognostic values in neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and laparoscopic surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer
Byoung Yong Shim, Ji-Han Jung, Kang-Moon Lee, Hyung-Jin Kim, Sook Hee Hong, Sung Hwan Kim, Der Sheng Sun, Hyeon-Min Cho
International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2013; 28(3): 375. CrossRef

Korean Pediatric/Adolescent Lymphoma: Incidence and Pathologic Characteristics.: Seung Sook Lee, Jin Man Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Jooryung Huh, Chang Suk Kang, Chul Woo Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Jai Hyang Go, Min Kyung Kim, Wan Seop Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Jong Hee Nam, Hyung Bae Moon, Chan Kum Park, Tae In Park, Young Ha Oh, Dong Wha Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Juhie Lee, Hyekyung Lee, Sung Chul Lim, Kyu Yun Jang, Hee Kyung Chang, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hye Ra Jung, Min Sun Cho, Hee Jeong Cha, Suk Jin Choi, Jae Ho Han, Sook Hee Hong, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(2):117-124.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.2.117

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The Hematopathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists conducted a nation-wide retrospective analysis of Korean pediatric lymphoma, to provide pathologic data on pediatric/adolescent lymphoma subtypes and features.
METHODS
All lymphoma cases of all age groups were collected during a recent 2 year-period (2005-2006) from 32 institutes in Korea. Among 3,686 lymphoma patients, 142 who were age 18 or less were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification.
RESULTS
Among 142 pediatric/adolescent lymphoma patients, Hodgkin lymphoma accounted for 21 (14.8%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) for 121 (85.2%). Hodgkin lymphoma appears to be more common in the pediatric/adolescent age group than in the all-ages group (14.8% vs 4.4%). T- and natural killer cell-NHL was more common in the pediatric/adolescent age group than in the all ages group (46.3% vs 22%). The majority of Korean pediatric/adolescent NHL cases was composed of Burkitt lymphoma, T- or B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. For lymphoma patients under the age of 6 years, most had B-lymphoblastic or Burkitt lymphoma, which commonly presented at extranodal sites.
CONCLUSIONS
The distribution of lymphoma subtypes in the pediatric/adolescent age group is quite different from the distribution of adults, but it was quite similar to distribution in Western countries.

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A Case of Nasal Type Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma Incidentally Detected in a Child
Ha Jin Oh, Sang Hyun Park, Hae In Jang, Dong Hoon Lee, Yoo Duk Choi, Hee Jo Baek, Hoon Kook
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology.2015; 22(1): 76. CrossRef

Expression Patterns of Bcl-2 and PCNA in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia.: Mee Sook Roh, Gi Yeung Huh, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1995;29(6):703-713.

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Abstract PDF: Immunohistochemical stains for bcl-2 oncoprotein and PCNA and examination of the mitosis level were perfon-ned in 76 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). We studied the expression pattern of bcl-2 protein according to histologic grades and the function of bcl-2 oncogene associated with cellular proliferation by comparing with PCNA expression and the mitosis level. The results were as follows: 1) Of 76 cervical intraepithelial neoplasias, 23 (30.3%) were CIN I, 23 (30.3%) were CIN II, and 30 (39.4%) were CIN III. 2) Of 23 CIN I cases, grade 0 and 1 mitosis level were seen in 20 (87.0%), PCNA in 16 (69.6%), and bcl-2 in 19 (82.6%) cases, respectively, which indicates that CIN I lesions have a low cellular proliferative activity. 3) Of 30 CIN III cases, grade 2 and 3 mitosis level were noted in 28 (93.3%), PCNA in 25 (83.3%) and bcl-2 in 19 (63.3%) cases, respectively, which indicates that CIN III lesions have a high cellular proliferative activity. The results suggest that progressive increase of dysfunctional proliferative activity and abnormal decrease of cell death result in increased number of neoplastic cells according to CIN grade. Also the expression rate of bcl-2, PCNA and mitosis level were significantly different between CIN I and 111, which suggest that they might be good parameters for classifying CIN into low and high grade and for prediction of the biologic behavior of the CIN lesion.

Immunohistochemical Study of the Expression of the p53 Protein in Primary Lung Cancer.: Sang Yong Lee, Jin Sook Jeong, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(3):218-227.

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Abstract PDF: An immunohistochemical stain for p53 tumor suppressor gene product was performed in 59 primary lung cancers to study the relation between its expression and type of the tumor, degree of tumor differentiation,clinical stage and smoking. The results were as follows: 1. The expression of mutant p53 protein was noted in 28 of 59 cases(47.5%) of primary lung cancers. The p53 protein was expressed in 21 of 35(60%) squamous cell carcinomas, in 6 of 21(28.6%) adenocarcinomas, and 1 of 1(100%) small cell carcinoma. There was a significant difference in expression of p53 among the different histologic types of lung cancer(p<0.05). 2. The incidence of p53 protein expression did not correlate with the degree of tumor cell differentiation or the clinical stage of lung carcinoma(p>0.05). 3. The incidence of p53 protein expression was higher in smokers(current: 75%, former: 46.2%) than in non-smokers(5.6%) and was increased in direct proportion to the pack years. There was a statistically significant correlation between p53 expression and smoking(p<0.05). The mutation of p53 gene may often be an early event in the development of lung cancer and it is suggested that the smoking known as a risk factor for the development of the lung cancer may be associated with the transformation of p53 tumor suppressor gene into mutant p53 gene or oncogene.

Case Reports

Angiomyofibroblastoma of the Vulva: A case report.: Mee Sook Roh, Hea Kyoung Hur, Sook Hee Hong, Sang Kap Kim, Young Cheol Baek, Hwa Sook Moon; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(4):344-346.

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Abstract PDF: Angiomyofibroblastoma is a distinctive, hitherto uncharacterized, benign soft tissue tumor of the vulva with histology similar to an aggressive pelvic angiomyxoma. It can be distinguished from an aggressive angiomyxoma by its circumscribed borders, higher cellularity, more numerous blood vessels, the frequent presence of plump stromal cells, minimal stromal mucin, and rarity of erythrocyte extravasation. We experienced a case of angiomyofibroblastoma of the vulva occurring in a 45-year-old woman. The lesion was a well-defined but not encapsulated mass, 4.5x4.2 cm. Histologically the mass was characterized by alternating hypercellular and hypocellular edematous zones in which abundant blood vessels were irregularly distributed. Immunohistochemically, the spindled, plump spindled, and oval stromal cells were reactive for vimentin and desmin, but not for cytokeratin, or S-100 protein.

Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor of the Kidney in an Adult: A case report.: Sang Yong Lee, Dae Cheol Kim, Seo Hee Rha, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(6):539-543.

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Abstract PDF: Malignant rhabdoid tumor is a distinct renal tumor in pediatric age group and extremely rare in adults. It was originally described as a rhabdomyosarcomatoid variant of Wilms' tumor. But subsequent studies failed to confirm myogenous differentiation, so the rhabdoid tumor is now considered to be a distinct and unique disease type of highly malignant renal tumor, histogenetically unrelated to Wilms' tumor. However the histogenesis have not been clearly defined until now. We report a case of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney in a 34-year-old man who represented with a left abdominal mass. Grossly, a large mass occupying most of the left kidney except for a part of upper pole was invading beyond renal capsule and the perirenal soft tissue. It measured 18x14 cm in dimension and was soft, lobulated and yellowish gray with large areas of hemorrhage and necroses. Microscopically, the tumor mass was composed of sheets of round or polygonal neoplastic cells growing in a solid pattern. These tumor cells were medium to large in size with ample cytoplasm containing recognizable eosinophilic inclusion and had an eccentrically located, large nucleus with one or a few prominent nucleoli. Mitotic figures were frequently observed. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells contained whorled filamentous inclusions corresponding to vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin in immunostaining.

Chromophobe Cell Renal Carcinoma: A report of 3 cases.: Me Sook Roh, Gi Yeong Huh, Seo Hee Rha, Heon Young Kwon, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(7):616-622.

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Abstract PDF: Chromophobe cell renal carcinoma is an uncommon variety of renal cell carcinoma first described in humans in 1985 by Thoenes and his colleagues. It is a distinct type of renal cancer presumably derived from the intercalated cells of the collecting duct system and exhibiting a better prognosis than other types of renal cell carcinoma. This type of renal cell carcinoma has not been reported in Korean literature. We experienced three cases of chromophobe cell renal carcinoma from surgical pathology files of Dong-A medical center. The patients were a 65-year-old female, a 54-year-old female, and a 50-year-old male who had 8.2x6 cm, 4x2.5 cm and 4.3x3.2 cm sized, yellowish gray, beige to tan colored masses in the kidneys, respectively. Microscopically, the tumor cells were arranged in sheets or nests with delicate intervening vasculature. The cells were voluminous, uniform in appearance and contained finely reticulated cytoplasms delineated by prominent cell borders. With Hale's iron colloid staining the cytoplasm showed positive reaction; with PAS staining the result was negative. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed positive reaction for cytokeratin but negative for vimentin. Electron microscopy showed numerous small, round to oval cytoplasmic vesicles, 150-300nm in size. All the patients received only radical nephrectomy and survived without evidence of recurrence or metastasis during follow-up intervals ranging from 4 months to 5 years.

Original Article

Expression Pattern of Tumor Progression and Metastasis-related Gene Proteins - CD44H, CD44v6, erbB-2, and p53 -in Gastric Carcinoma.: Sung Woo Joo, Young Jhoon Chin, Dae Cheol Kim, Gi Yeoung Huh, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1996;30(9):751-763.

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Abstract PDF: Immunohistochemical studies of the molecules associated with gastric tumor progression and metastasis were done to evaluate their relationship with known prognostic factors and their usefulness in assessment of the progression of gastric carcinoma in 127 gastric carcinoma tissues. The 4 antibodies used in this study were CD44H, CD44v6, erbB-2, and p53. The CD44H expression was detected in 76 (59.8%), CD44v6 in 63 (49.6%), erbB-2 in 18 (14.2%), and mutant p53 in 98 (77.2%) out of 127 cases of gastric carcinomas. There was no significant correlation between the expression rates of each four proteins. The expression rates of all 4 proteins were not significantly correlated with age and sex of the patients and lymph node metastasis, but the correlation between CD44v6 expression and the depth of tumor invasion and tumor stage was significant (p<0.05). These results suggest that CD44v6 is closely associated with tumor invasion, and high levels of CD44H, erbB-2 and p53 are associated with tumorigenesis of the stomach as they are highly expressed in early as well as in advanced gastric carcinomas. The findings also support the conclusion that the loss of control of alternative CD44 mRNA splicing resulted in production of CD44v6 splicing variant in tumor cell facilitates tissue invasion by increased adherence of the tumor cell to an extracellular matrix or by tumor cell migration. It can be expected that CD44v6 overexpression in tumor cells appears to be an important prognostic indicator for gastric tumor progression.

Case Report

Adenomyoepithelioma of the Breast.: Sang Yong Lee, Hea Kyoung Hur, Dae Cheol Kim, Seo Hee Rha, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(1):83-86.

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Abstract PDF: Adenomyoepithelioma is a rare benign tumor which occurs mainly in the skin, salivary gland and very rarely in the breast. Histologically this tumor demonstrates biphasic differentiation of luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells. We report a case of adenomyoepithelioma occuring in the outer lower quadrant of the right breast of a 56-year-old female, confirmed histologically with an aid of immunohistochemistry. This is the first documented report in Korean literature.

Original Articles

Expression Pattern of the Rb Protein and its Correlation with Prognosis in Primary Lung Cancer.: Hea Kyoung Hur, Seo Hee Rha, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1997;31(2):152-161.

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Abstract PDF: An immunohistochemical stain for the Rb tumor suppressor gene product was performed in pathologic specimens from 72 primary lung cancer patients to study the correlation between its expression and histologic type, cancer differentiation, clinical stage and survival rate. The expression of the Rb protein was positive in 34 cases(47.2%) and negative in 38 cases(52.8%). The Rb protein was not expressed in 16 of 42 cases(38.1%) in squamous cell carcinoma, in 17 of 23 cases(73.9%) in adenocarcinoma, in one of three cases(33.3%) in undifferentiated large cell carcinoma, in two of two cases(100%) in small cell carcinoma, in one of one case(100%) in an adenosquamous carcinoma and in one of one case(100%) in an atypical carcinoid. There were significant difference of the Rb protein expression between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma(p<0.05). The expression of Rb protein was not correlated with degree of cancer cell differentiation and clinical stage of the lung cancer(p>0.05). The two year survival rate for patients with the Rb positive was 65% compared with 37% for those with the Rb negative which was significant(p<0.05). This result suggests that an altered or the absence of the Rb protein in cancer cells can be a valuable prognostic factor in the lung cancer.

Expression of Cell Adhesion Molecules -CD44H and CD44v6- in Colorectal Carcinoma.: Dae Cheol Kim, Seo Hee Rha, Jin Sook Jeong, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1998;32(9):655-662.

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Abstract: During tumor progression, a subset of cells acquires metastatic properties, presumably through a series of genetic alterations. As the result, cells detach from the primary tumor, penetrate the basement membrane and invade the adjacent structures including lymph and blood vessels. Loss of adhesive functions and gain of new adhesive functions are thought to play a crucial role in this metastatic cascade. Since tumor metastasis is the principle cause of death for cancer patients including colon cancer, there is a consensus that a search for tools that allow effective assessment of the metastatic potential of tumors is a prime goal for cancer research. An immunohistochemical study of cell adhesion molecules, CD44H and its variant CD44v6, was done to evaluate their relationship with known prognostic factors related to the progression and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma in 94 cases of colorectal carcinoma tissues. The results were as follows. The CD44H expression was detected in 90 (95.7%) and CD44v6 in 53 (56.4%) out of 94 cases of colorectal carcinoma, and the CD44H was overexpressed in tumor tissue more than in normal mucosa in 62% of the cases. The expression rates of both protein were not significantly correlated with age and sex of the patients, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation, and tumor site. The coexpression of CD44H and CD44v6 in tumor was significant (p<0.05). The above results suggest that overexpression of CD44H and loss of function to control the alternative splicing of CD44 mRNA resulting in CD44v6 expression and alteration of adhesive function are closely associated with tumorigenesis of the colorectum.

Alterations of the Mucin Glycoprotein Expression and Their Relationship with the Pathologic Prognostic Factors in Gastric Carcinoma.: Mee Sook Roh, Gi Yeong Huh, Sook Hee Hong; Korean J Pathol. 1999;33(1):15-24.

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Abstract: Alterations of the mucin-type glycoproteins may contribute to changes in cancer cell growth regulation, immune regulation, and cellular adhesion, which in turn may influence the invasive and metastatic capabilities of the cancer. Many of the cancer-associated antigens such as mucin antigens have been identified recently and alterations in the glycosylation of the mucins have been described in the cancer. Immunohistochemical studies of 3 antigens associated with alteration of the mucin glycoprotein (MUC1, MUC2, STn) were done to evaluate their relationship with known pathologic prognostic factors and their usefulness in assessment of the progression of gastric carcinoma in 127 gastric carcinoma tissues. The MUC1 was detected in 57 (44.9%), MUC2 in 76 (59.8%) and STn antigen in 77 (60.6%) out of 127 cases of gastric carcinomas. The expression rate of MUC1 was significantly correlated with depth of tumor invasion, lymph node and distant metastases, and advanced tumor stage (p=0.001). The expression rate of MUC2 was not significantly correlated with pathologic findings and known prognostic factors. The STn antigen was significantly associated with incidence of lymph node metastasis (p=0.02). The coexpression of both MUC1 and MUC2 or MUC1 and STn was more frequent in tumors with deep invasion, lymph node metastasis and advanced tumor stage than one or none expression (p<0.05). These results suggest that the alterations of expression of the mucin proteins, especially MUC1 and carbohydrate antigen (STn) are associated with poor biological behavior of the gastric carcinoma.

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